ABSTRACT

Traumatic globe dislocation into the paranasal sinuses is a rare condition. Globe displacement with preserved integrity can result in functional and cosmetic recovery with rapid and appropriate intervention. In this article, we discuss the presentation and treatment of globe dislocation into the ethmoid sinus in a 36-year-old patient who presented to the emergency department with the complaint of vision loss due to a fall.

Introduction

Trauma-induced displacement of the globe outward, into the cranium, or into the paranasal sinuses is called traumatic dislocation. Although the risk of vision loss is high in these rare cases, it has been reported that favorable visual, functional, and aesthetic outcomes can be achieved with rapid and appropriate treatment.^1,2

Depending on the severity of the trauma, dislocation may be associated with pathologies that adversely affect prognosis, such as globe rupture and injury to the optic nerve, choroid, retina, and extraocular muscles.

Here, we aimed to present a case of traumatic globe dislocation into the ethmoid sinus and its treatment in a patient presenting with vision loss resulting from an impact to the eye.

Discussion

In blowout fractures caused by blunt trauma, the globe remains in the orbit despite displacement of the orbital soft tissue and muscle structures toward the adjacent sinus cavities. However, in rare cases of severe trauma and possibly involving a different mechanism, the globe can be dislocated from the orbit to the adjacent cavities.³ This is also described in the literature as traumatic herniation or subluxation of the globe.^4,5 Dislocation into the maxillary sinus is most common, followed by the ethmoid sinus.² Even less common is dislocation into the frontal sinus⁶ and the anterior cranial fossa behind the orbit.⁷ No cases of globe dislocation into the sphenoid sinus have been reported. With traffic accidents and blunt trauma, the globe is often dislocated intact through a wide fracture line in the medial and inferior walls of the orbit. In our case, a blunt object (doorknob) penetrated nasally from the caruncle and fractured the medial wall without damaging the globe, likely compressing and carrying the globe with it through the fracture before exiting again.

At initial examination, the appearance of an anophthalmic socket when the eyelids are parted and the fact that the patient often has no light perception suggest a catastrophic injury such as traumatic evisceration. Performing orbital CT is absolutely necessary for an accurate diagnosis. Although visualizing the displaced globe in the adjacent sinus cavity on CT confirms the diagnosis, knowing how to intervene and doing so rapidly are crucial for anatomical and visual prognosis of the eye. Visual prognosis is determined by the trauma severity, affected ocular structures, and timing of treatment.⁸ An unusual position caused by globe displacement may cause temporary or permanent loss of function due to avulsion, compression, crushing, or stretching of the optic nerve. In addition, damage to the central retinal artery and chorioretinal tissues are other pathologies that should be kept in mind in case of vision loss.^1,9 Ramstead et al.¹⁰ reported a patient with globe dislocation into the maxillary sinus after a rodeo fall whose visual acuity remained at 0.1 despite successful globe repositioning, due to associated choroidal rupture and submacular hemorrhage. Blindness and visual impairment to the level of light perception have been reported in 46% of documented cases.³ The fact that all patients reported to have visual improvement underwent globe repositioning on the same day demonstrates the importance of rapid intervention.

In conclusion, rapid globe repositioning indisputably contributes to visual rehabilitation in eyes with visual potential by relieving stress on the optic nerve and central retinal artery. An acceptable cosmetic result can also be achieved by restoring eye movements and orbital volume.